A Big Solar Storm may be coming in 2022:
01.Video Link. Big Solar Storm Coming Soon? Mar 7, 2022
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Coronal Mass Ejections from the Sun. I believe eventually, these charged particles will hit the Earth in the Future; that will be so intense, they will penetrate through an opening in the Magnetic Shield, as it will be at a weaken state; then upon striking the Earth, will cause the three Earthquakes, with the 3rd being the Greatest Earthquake in Human History, as is mentioned in the Book of Revelation.
Page on Website: 01C Geomagnetic Storms
Page on Website: 01C Solar Activity
Page on Website: Cosmic Lightning
01.Video Link. Sun Erupts at Earth; Mar 10, 2022
02.Video Link. Solar Eruption; Mar 11, 2022
03.Video Link. Solar Flare; Mar 12, 2022
04.Video Link. CME Impact; Mar 13, 2022
05.Video Link. CME Impact; Mar 14, 2022
06.Video Link. Many Solar Flares; Mar 28, 2022
07.Video Link. 7 Solar Flares; Mar 29, 2022
08.Video Link. Solar Storm Approaching; Mar 30, 2022
09.Video Link. X Class Solar Flare & CME; Mar 30, 2022
10.Video Link. Strong Geomagnetic Storm in Progress; Apr 10, 2022
11……
There are a few verses in the Book of Revelation that have the word: lightning in the text.
It is possible, this Cosmic Lightning could occur and cause Earthquakes, which in turn cause Volcanic Eruptions, which have Volcanic Lightning!!!
Here are the Verses in Revelation. It starts with the Seven Trumpets and Ends with the Seven Vials of the Wrath of God.
1. Revelation 8:5: and there were voices, and thunderings, and lightnings, and an earthquake.
2. Revelation 11:19: and there were lightnings, and voices, and thunderings, and an earthquake, and great hail.
3. Revelation 16:18 & 21: And there were voices, and thunders, and lightnings; and there was a great earthquake, such as was not since men were upon the earth, so mighty an earthquake, and so great. [21] And there fell upon men a great hail out of heaven, every stone about the weight of a talent: and men blasphemed God because of the plague of the hail; for the plague thereof was exceeding great.
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Here is a brief statement of what I a referring to, with regards to Cosmic Lightning: “For an hour on March 13th, a big crack opened in Earth’s magnetic field – one of the biggest in years (For specialists: BsubZ less than -20 nT),” Dr. Tony Phillips of SpaceWeather.com noted.3 “Solar wind poured through the gap, adding its energy to that of the CME which struck earlier in the day. This increases the chances that high-latitude auroras may remain visible at least through the early hours of March 14th.” What Dr. Phillips described took place from 21:33 to 22:36 UTC. From: Watchers.News/2022/03/13/CME Hits Earth
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Awesome Video; be sure to take time to Watch it…!!!
01.Video Link. Asteroid Impacts; Mar 8, 2022
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Zechariah 14:16: And it shall come to pass, that every one that is left of all the nations which came against Jerusalem shall even go up from year to year to worship the King, the LORD of Hosts, and to keep the Feast of Tabernacles.
- 19. https://biblehub.com/parallel/zechariah/14-16.htm
- 20. https://biblehub.com/parallel/zechariah/14-17.htm
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Here are some more Earthquake Links in the Saudi Arabia area. You can clearly see the Earthquakes in the Gulf of Aqaba and the Red Sea.
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- End Times Joel ch 2 vs 28 to 3s ch 2 vs 14 to 21
- End Times Luke ch 17 vs 24 to 37 Days of Noah
- End Times Luke ch 21 vs 15 to 11 Sign of Thy Coming
- End Times Luke ch 21 vs 24 to 28 Son of Man Coming
- End Times Mark ch 13 vs 1 to 8 and vs 10 Sign of Thy Coming
- End Times Mark ch 13 vs 14 to 20 Great Tribulation
- End Times Mark ch 13 vs 24 to 27 Coming of the Son of Man
- End Times Matthew ch 13 vs 24 to 30 Wheat and Tares
- End Times Matthew ch 13 vs 34 to 43 Wheat and Tares
- End Times Matthew ch 24 vs 1 to 8 and vs 14 Sign of thy Coming
- End Times Matthew ch 24 vs 15 to 28 Great Tribulation
- End Times Matthew ch 24 vs 29 to 31 Son of Man Coming
- End Times Matthew ch 24 vs 32 to 35 Parable of the Fig Tree
- End Times Matthew ch 24 vs 36 to 44 Coming of the Son of Man
- End Times Revelation ch 6 vs 1 to 8
- End Times Revelation ch 6 vs 12 to 17
- End Times Revelation ch 6 vs 9 to 11
- End Times Zephaniah ch 1 vs 14 to 18
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- Revelation 1st Trumpet and 1st Vial
- Revelation 2nd Trumpet and 2nd Vial
- Revelation 3rd Trumpet and 3rd Vial
- Revelation 4th Trumpet and 4th Vial
- Revelation 5th Trumpet and 5th Vial
- Revelation 6th Trumpet and 6th Vial
- Revelation 7th Trumpet and 7th Vial
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- Seven Trumpets of Revelation 1st Trumpet Rev ch 8 vs 6 to 7
- Seven Trumpets of Revelation 2nd Trumpet Rev ch 8 vs 8 to 9
- Seven Trumpets of Revelation 3rd Trumpet Rev ch 8 vs 10 to 11
- Seven Trumpets of Revelation 4th Trumpet Rev ch 8 vs 12
- Seven Trumpets of Revelation 5th Trumpet Rev ch 9 vs 1 to 12
- Seven Trumpets of Revelation 6th Trumpet Rev ch 9 vs 13 to 21
- Seven Trumpets of Revelation 7th Trumpet ch 11 vs 14 to 19
- Seven Vials of Revelation 1st Vial Rev ch 16 vs 2
- Seven Vials of Revelation 2nd Vial Rev ch 16 vs 3
- Seven Vials of Revelation 3rd Vial Rev ch 16 vs 4
- Seven Vials of Revelation 4th Vial Rev ch 16 vs 8 to 9
- Seven Vials of Revelation 5th Vial Rev ch 16 vs 10 to 11
- Seven Vials of Revelation 6th Vial Rev ch 16 vs 12 to 16
- Seven Vials of Revelation 7th Vial Rev ch 16 vs 17 to 21
- Seven Vials of Revelation Rev ch 15 vs 1 and 6 and 7 and 8 Rev ch 16 vs 1
- 01. Earthquakes 5.0+ for Italy
- 02. Earthquakes 6.0+ for Italy
- 03. Earthquakes 7.0+ for Italy
- 04. List of earthquakes in Italy
- 05. UnderStandingItaly.com
- 06. VolcanoDiscovery.com for Italy
- 07. Volcano Images for Italy
- Volcano News 2011
- Volcano News 2012
- Volcano News 2013
- Volcano News 2014
- Volcano News 2015
- Volcano News 2016
- Volcano News 2017
- Volcano News 2018
- Volcano News 2019
- Volcano News 2020
- Volcano News 2021
- Volcano News 2022
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Here are some Excellent Videos on a Weekly basis about Volcanic Eruptions. I want to leave and add weekly links on the Home Page, because the primary factor in the Great Tribulation Period will be Earthquakes, Tsunamis and Volcanic Eruptions. When the Lord Jesus Christ returns to the earth at the Second Advent, as the Parousia, it will be through a Massive Volcanic Ash Cloud that will encircle the entire planet. Therefore, when this Volcanic Ash Cloud begins to build and finally develops, then the world can have assurance, the Lord Jesus Christ is actually arriving soon.
- 01. This Week in Volcanoes; Oct 31, 2021
- 02. This Week in Volcanoes; Nov 7, 2021
- 03. This Week in Volcanoes; Nov 14, 2021
- 04. This Week in Volcanoes; Nov 21, 2021
- 05. This Week in Volcanoes; Nov 28, 2021
- 06. This Week in Volcanoes; Dec 5, 2021
- 07. This Week in Volcanoes; Dec 12, 2021
- 08. This Week in Volcanoes; Dec 19, 2021
- 09. This Week in Volcanoes; Dec 26, 2021
- 10. Volcano News Year in Review; Dec 31, 2021
- 11. This Week in Volcanoes; Jan 2, 2022
- 12. This Week in Volcanoes; Jan 9, 2022
- 13. This Week in Volcanoes; Jan 16, 2022
- 14. This Week in Volcanoes; Jan 23, 2022
- 15. This Week in Volcanoes; Jan 30, 2022
- 16. This Week in Volcanoes; Feb 6, 2022
- 17. This Week in Volcanoes; Feb 13, 2022
- 18. This Week in Volcanoes; Feb 20, 2022
- 19. This Week in Volcanoes; Feb 27, 2022
- 20. This Week in Volcanoes; Mar 6, 2022
- 21. This Week in Volcanoes; Mar 13, 2022
- 22. This Week in Volcanoes; Mar 20, 2022
- 23. This Week in Volcanoes; Mar 27, 2022
- 24. This Week in Volcanoes; Apr 3, 2022
- 25. This Week in Volcanoes; Apr 10, 2022
- 26. This Week in Volcanoes; Apr 17, 2022
- 27. This Week in Volcanoes; Apr 24, 2022
- 28. This Week in Volcanoes; May 1, 2022
- 29. This Week in Volcanoes; May 8, 2022
- 30. This Week in Volcanoes; May 15, 2022
- 31. This Week in Volcanoes; May 22, 2022
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- 33.
- 34.
- 35………
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- Avachinsky–Koryaksky (grouped together), Kamchatka, Russia
- Nevado de Colima, Jalisco and Colima, Mexico
- Mount Etna, Sicily, Italy
- Galeras, Nariño, Colombia
- Mauna Loa, Hawaii, US
- Mount Merapi, Central Java, Indonesia
- Mount Nyiragongo, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Mount Rainier, Washington, US
- Sakurajima, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan
- Santa Maria/Santiaguito, Guatemala
- Santorini, Cyclades, Greece
- Taal Volcano, Luzon, Philippines
- Teide, Canary Islands, Spain
- Ulawun, New Britain, Papua New Guinea
- Mount Unzen, Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan
- Vesuvius, Naples, Italy
- 01.Video Link: Volcanic Fire
- 01. The Volcano which Flooded Oregon with Lava; Jan 29, 2022
- 01a. Apolaki Caldera; Mar 4, 2022
- 01b. The Flood of Lava Which Covered Nortern Canada; Mar 14, 2022
- 02. Volcano
- 03. Deccan Traps
- 04. Flood Basalt
- 05. Volcanic Plateau
- 06. Lava Field
- 07. Chilcotin Group
- 08. Columbia River Basalt Group
- 09. Ethiopia-Yemen Continental Flood Basalts
- 10. North Atlantic Igneous Province
- 11. Deccan Traps
- 12. Caribbean large igneous province
- 13. Kerguelen Plateau
- 14. Ontong-Java Plateau
- 15. High Arctic Large Igneous Province
- 16. Paraná and Etendeka Traps
- 17. Karoo and Ferrar Provinces
- 18. Central Atlantic Magmatic Province
- 19. Siberian Traps
- 20. Emeishan Traps
- 21. Vilyuy Traps
- 22. Southern Oklahoma Aulacogen
- 23. Arabian-Nubian Shield
- 24. Mackenzie Large Igneous Province
- 25. Flood Basalts
- 26. Flood Basalts Images
- 27. Flood Basalt from Britannica
- 28.
- 29.
- 30.…
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- Continental flood basalts.
- Ethiopia-Yemen Continental Flood Basalts
- Columbia River Basalt Group
- Deccan Traps (India)
- Coppermine River Group (Canadian Shield)
- Midcontinent Rift System, Great Lakes Region, North America
- Paraná and Etendeka traps (Brazil–NE Namibia)
- Brazilian Highlands
- Río de la Plata Craton (Uruguay)
- Karoo-Ferrar (South Africa–Antarctica)
- Siberian Traps (Russia)
- Emeishan Traps (western China)
- Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (eastern United States and Canada, northern South America, northwest Africa)
- North Atlantic Igneous Province (includes basalts in Greenland, Iceland, Ireland, Scotland, and Faroes)
- High Arctic Large Igneous Province
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- Oceanic flood basalts/ oceanic plateaus:
- Azores Plateau (Atlantic Ocean)
- Wrangellia Terrane (Alaska and Canada)
- Caribbean large igneous province (Caribbean Sea)
- Kerguelen Plateau (Indian Ocean)
- Iceland Plateau (Atlantic Ocean)
- Ontong Java Plateau, Manihiki Plateau and Hikurangi Plateau (southwest Pacific Ocean)
- Jameson Land
- Toba Catastrophe 70,000 to 75,000 years ago
- The 1628–1626 BC climate disturbances, usually attributed to the Minoan Eruption of Santorini
- The Hekla 3 eruption of about 1200 BC.
- The Hatepe eruption (sometimes referred to as the Taupō eruption), around AD 180.
- Extreme weather events of 535–536 have been linked to the effects of a volcanic eruption, possibly at Krakatoa, or Ilopango in El Salvador.
- The Heaven Lake eruption of Paektu Mountain, in 969 (± 20 years).
- The 1257 Samalas eruption of Mount Rinjani in 1257.
- An eruption of Kuwae, a Pacific volcano.
- An eruption of Huaynaputina, caused 1601 to be the coldest year in the Northern Hemisphere for six centuries; 1601 consisted of a bitterly cold winter, a cold frosty nonexistent spring, and a cool cloudy wet summer.
- An eruption of Laki, was responsible for up to hundreds of thousands of fatalities throughout the Northern Hemisphere (over 25,000 in England alone), and one of the coldest winters ever recorded in North America.
- The 1883 Eruption of Krakatoa caused average Northern Hemisphere summer temperatures to fall by as much as 1.2 °C (2.2 °F). One of the wettest rainy seasons in recorded history followed in California during 1883–84.
- The eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1991 led to odd weather patterns and temporary cooling in the United States, particularly in the mid-west and parts of the Northeast. Every month in 1992 except for January and February was colder than normal. More rain than normal fell across the West Coast of the United States, particularly California, during the 1991–92 and 1992–93 rainy seasons. The American Midwest experienced more rain and major flooding during the spring and summer of 1993.
SkyWatch Media News: Volcanic Eruptions May ‘Escalate’ Into Global Catastrophe; Oct 31, 2021
SkyWatch Media News: Coronal Mass Ejection and Volcanic Eruptions; Nov 8, 2021
Anomalous Hole Opens in the Earth’s Atmosphere Above the North Pole Dec 7, 2021
Earth’s Protective Field is Tilting, pushing the Magnetic Poles towards the Equator Dec 22, 2021
Massive Volcanic Plume Spreads Across the World and Half Way Into Space; Jan 28, 2022
Extreme Solar ‘Tsunami’ Found Deep Inside the Earth Raises Superstorm Fears; Feb 5, 2022
Volcanic Eruptions Soaring Worldwide-Krakatoa and Etna Explode; Feb 13, 2022
Sun is Erupting Non Stop, and More Gigantic Flares are Incoming-NEW Volcanic Warnings; Feb 27, 2022
- 01. The Book of Remembrance. Part 1….339
- 02. The Book of Remembrance. Part 2…..350
- 03. Study: The Book of Remembrance
- 04. The Judgment Seat of Christ. Part 1……249
- 05. The Judgment Seat of Christ. Part 2……250
- 06. The Judgment Seat of Christ. Part 3…….251
- 07. The Judgment Seat of Christ. Part 4…….252
- 08. The Heavenly Mount Zion…..1999
- 09. The Life We Live……2000
- 10. Here is a Good Sermon…..1182
- 11……
April 10, 2022: I am in the process of renaming and removing some of the clutter on most of the pages on all of my websites. I’ve changed Hosting Services several times, so some of the Links from the Internet to some pages are no longer working. I’ve renamed and deleted pages, so their Links that are still throughout the Internet are not current either; but most will redirect to the Home page. I’ve upgraded to a Dedicated Server for one year: 1/23; so I can accomplish this tack more efficiently; as the pages will load quicker during my working on them, as well as to you the viewer. I’m doing this for viewers like you; with the intentions of being a helpful ministry to anyone who might have the opportunity to find this website. Hopefully, it will improve the readability of the pages and the overall scope of the site.
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There is so much more in the Universe, than the events that happen on Earth.
01. The LARGEST Galaxy In the Universe – Alcyoneus; Feb 25, 2022
02. Is Alcyoneus Really the Largest Galaxy?; Mar 13, 2022
03. The LARGEST Galaxy In The Universe – IC 1101; Dec 30, 2021
04. The MOST Terrifying Object In the Universe; Nov 23, 2021
05. 10 INSANE Space Discoveries; April 20, 2021
06. Mysterious Structure at the Edge of the Universe; Nov 17, 2021
07…..
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The flowing links are from: MagneticReversal.org
Official data from NASA, NOAA, the ESA, and similarly reputable organizations.
1.) The South Pole has already left Antarctica and the North Pole is racing across the Arctic Ocean.
2.) “Earth’s Magnetic Poles are getting ready to flip.” -Mission Manager, SWARM/ESA
3.) The Magnetic Field began Weakening in 1600.
4.) The Magnetic Field Weakened 10% from the 1800s to 2000.
5.) Earth’s Magnetic Field was Weakening 5% per Century, but now is Weakening 5% per Decade.
6.) The Magnetic Field is continuing to Weaken Rapidly.
7.) Magnetic Reversals can occur in less than 100 years.
8.) This was recently Confirmed by the #1 geophysics journal.
10.) 2003 BBC Magnetism Article: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/
11.) 2008 NASA Magnetic Breach: http://science.nasa.gov/
12.) 2011 ESA Magnetism Article: Click Here
13.) Magnetic Field Animation: http://wdc.kugi.kyoto-u.ac.jp/
14.) 2008 Kyoto Pole Shift Animation: http://geomag.org/info/
15.) 2010 Kyoto Pole Shift Visual: http://wdc.kugi.kyoto-u.ac.jp/
16.) Magnetic Field Links: http://phys.org/news/2014-06-
17.) – http://gji.oxfordjournals.org/
18.) – http://newscenter.berkeley.
19.) – http://www.scientificamerican.
20.) – http://www.sciencedaily.com/
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There is a old saying: “Become aware of your surroundings.” There is coming a time on a certain day in the future; when Islam will actually attack Israel in a mass ground military movement. This will be the beginning of the last 1,335 days of the Age of Grace. When this happens, be sure you start to make some Spiritual decisions and don’t keep putting it off or it will be to late! The Coming of the Lord is not a complicated teaching. It’s really a simple concept of putting the Scriptures together, if you guided by the Spirit of God. The vast majority of the almost 8 billion people on earth; including the virtually all the World Governmental and Religious Leaders are totally ignorant of the simplicity of this Biblical Teaching and will all be caught unaware. If you don’t believe me, just wait and see!!!
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Matthew 24: [22] And except those days should be shortened, there should no flesh be saved: but for the elect’s sake those days shall be shortened. [29] Immediately after the tribulation of those days shall the sun be darkened, and the moon shall not give her light, and the stars shall fall from heaven, and the powers of the heavens shall be shaken: [36] But of that day and hour knoweth no man, no, not the angels of heaven, but my Father only. [37] But as the days of Noe were, so shall also the coming of the Son of Man be. [38] For as in the days that were before the flood they were eating and drinking, marrying and giving in marriage, until the day that Noe entered into the ark, [50] The lord of that servant shall come in a day when he looketh not for him, and in an hour that he is not aware of,
Matthew 25: [13] Watch therefore, for ye know neither the day nor the hour wherein the Son of Man cometh.
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Mark 13: [19] For in those days shall be affliction, such as was not from the beginning of the creation which God created unto this time, neither shall be. [20] And except that the Lord had shortened those days, no flesh should be saved: but for the elect’s sake, whom he hath chosen, he hath shortened the days. [24] But in those days, after that tribulation, the sun shall be darkened, and the moon shall not give her light, [32] But of that day and that hour knoweth no man, no, not the angels which are in heaven, neither the Son, but the Father.
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Luke 17: [27] They did eat, they drank, they married wives, they were given in marriage, until the day that Noe entered into the ark, and the flood came, and destroyed them all. [28] Likewise also as it was in the days of Lot; they did eat, they drank, they bought, they sold, they planted, they builded; [29] But the same day that Lot went out of Sodom it rained fire and brimstone from heaven, and destroyed them all. [30] Even thus shall it be in the day when the Son of Man is revealed. [31] In that day, he which shall be upon the housetop, and his stuff in the house, let him not come down to take it away: and he that is in the field, let him likewise not return back.
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Acts 2: [19] And I will show wonders in heaven above, and signs in the earth beneath; blood, and fire, and vapor of smoke: [20] The sun shall be turned into darkness, and the moon into blood, before that great and notable day of the Lord come: [21] And it shall come to pass, that whosoever shall call on the name of the Lord shall be saved.
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The Final 1335 Days Of The Age Of The Gentiles
The information in the first section of this page is from: www.TribulationPeriod.com
Event 1 – Israel is attacked 1335 days before the end of the Tribulation Period.
Event 2 – Some 30 days later the two witnesses begin their testimony in Israel when Jerusalem falls.
Event 3 – Some 45 days later the IDF is driven south to Beersheba and the United Nations brokers a truce or hudna is agreed to by Islam and Israel.
Event 4 – Israel remains surrounded in the Negev Wilderness for some 1260 days after the truce agreement.
Event 5 – Some 45 days before the end of the Age of the Gentiles the two witnesses will be killed by the Antichrist after having testified for 42 months (1260 days). The Antichrist will declare himself to be God on the Temple Mount – This is the abomination “that maketh desolate.”
Event 6 – Three and one half days later three events occur in rapid succession. They all three occur on the same day.
#1 – The two witnesses ascend up to heaven through the clouds.
#2 – A great earthquake occurs in the same hour the two witnesses depart.
#3 – The last trump (7th) Trump sounds and all of the saved are caught up.
Event 7 – All of the saved are judged in heaven while the seven vials of God’s wrath are poured out on unbelievers.
Event 8 – Christ returns with all the saved some 1335 days after the initial attack of Islamic forces against Israel.
SUMMARY
- Israel will be attacked to start the last 1335 days of Israel’s Travail
- Jerusalem will fall 30 days after the initial attack
- The two witnesses will testify for 1260 days after the fall of Jerusalem
- A truce or hudna will be declared at Beersheba 45 days after Jerusalem falls
- Israel will remain in the Negev for 1260 days after the truce or hudna
- Antichrist will kill the two witnesses and declare himself to be God on the Temple Mount making himself the “abomination that maketh desolate.”
- Three and one-half days later three events occur in rapid succession on the same day: (1) The two witnesses ascend into heaven, (2) A great earthquake occurs, and (3) The seventh trump sounds and all the saved are caught up, including the sealed 144,000.
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Here are a few verses that I have made into a composite, from using 17 different English Translations and various Hebrew and Greek Lexicons, including 3 different Greek New Testament Texts.
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A composite of the Hebrew words for Joel 2:30: And I will show a token, a sign and wonder in the visible arch of the sky where the clouds move and throughout all the earth, in the fields, in the country, in the wilderness and it will have the appearance of blood, along with a burning, hot flaming fire, with columns of cloudy dust, smoke and vapor.
A composite of the Hebrew words for Joel 2:31: The brilliant sun, from the rising of the sun in the east to the sun rays in the arch ways of the sky, will be changed into darkness, as if it were night and the moon will take on the appearance of blood before the great and noble, fearful and terrible day in which Jehovah, the self-Existing One, the Eternal Lord shall come.
A composite of the Greek words for Acts 2:19: And I will bring forth a rare event so extraordinary, it will inspire wonder, for it will be in the elevated area of the sky and a token of these events, will be throughout the entire regions under the surface of the soil, of all the land of the world, for it will be a visible wonder of flowing substance like blood, of flashes of lightening and fire, with a mist of smoke.
A composite of the Greek words for Acts 2:20: The rising of the sun in the east and the rays of daily light will become as an outlining shadow and the bright shining moon, will appear to be a blood red color, before that mighty and visible day in which the One in supreme authority will come.
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Website Links about Earthquake, Tsunamis, and Volcanoes.
The following links will help you become aware of the impending Great Tribulation Period, the Wrath of God and the beginning of the Millennial Reign. The vast majority of humanity has no concept of these events. At least you will be able to better understand what is occurring, when you see these events begin to happen.
During the Great Tribulation and more so, during the last portion of this time period, known as the Wrath of God, there will literally be a massive number of Volcanic Eruptions surrounding the surface of the Earth.
Here are some additional links that will help you understand how GOD will use the Earth by way of Earthquakes, Volcanoes, Tsunamis, a Comet and other natural cycles to bring about the Great Tribulation Period, including the Wrath of GOD:
Type in the words, Super Volcano in an Internet Search or Image Section, and/or click on these four links:
Click on the following link, to understand how the “volcanic ash clouds” will encircle the earth and will produce a single massive dust cloud:
Click on this link to learn about the “sea and the waves being in a roaring vibration.”:
Type in the word: Volcano in the image section of an Internet Search or click this link:
Type in the words: Submarine Volcano or click this link:
Check out these two links on Seafloor Spreading for Volcanic Eruptions in the Oceans of the world:
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Deepest oceanic trenches
Recent measurements, where the salinity and temperature of the water was measured throughout the dive, have uncertainties of about 15 m (49 ft).[43] Older measurements may be off by hundreds of meters.
| Trench | Ocean | Lowest Point | Maximum Depth | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mariana Trench | Pacific Ocean | Challenger Deep | 10,920 m (35,830 ft) | [43] |
| Tonga Trench | Pacific Ocean | Horizon Deep | 10,820 m (35,500 ft) | [43] |
| Philippine Trench | Pacific Ocean | Emden Deep | 10,540 m (34,580 ft) | [44] |
| Kuril–Kamchatka Trench | Pacific Ocean | 10,542 m (34,587 ft) | [44] | |
| Kermadec Trench | Pacific Ocean | 10,047 m (32,963 ft) | [44] | |
| Izu–Bonin Trench (Izu–Ogasawara Trench) | Pacific Ocean | 9,810 m (32,190 ft) | [44] | |
| New Britain Trench | Pacific Ocean (Solomon Sea) | Planet Deep | 9,140 m (29,990 ft) | [45] |
| Puerto Rico Trench | Atlantic Ocean | Brownson Deep | 8,380 m (27,490 ft) | [43] |
| South Sandwich Trench | Atlantic Ocean | Meteor Deep | 8,265 m (27,116 ft) | [43] |
| Peru–Chile Trench or Atacama Trench | Pacific Ocean | Richards Deep | 8,055 m (26,427 ft) | [44] |
| Japan Trench | Pacific Ocean | 8,412 m (27,598 ft) | [44] |
Notable oceanic trenches
| Trench | Location |
|---|---|
| Aleutian Trench | South of the Aleutian Islands, west of Alaska |
| Bougainville Trench | South of New Guinea |
| Cayman Trench | Western Caribbean |
| Cedros Trench (inactive) | Pacific coast of Baja California |
| Hikurangi Trench | East of New Zealand |
| Hjort Trench | Southwest of New Zealand |
| Izu–Ogasawara Trench | Near Izu and Bonin islands |
| Japan Trench | East of Japan |
| Kermadec Trench * | Northeast of New Zealand |
| Kuril–Kamchatka Trench * | Near Kuril islands |
| Manila Trench | West of Luzon, Philippines |
| Mariana Trench * | Western Pacific Ocean; east of Mariana Islands |
| Middle America Trench | Eastern Pacific Ocean; off coast of Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica |
| New Hebrides Trench | West of Vanuatu (New Hebrides Islands). |
| Peru–Chile Trench | Eastern Pacific Ocean; off coast of Peru & Chile |
| Philippine Trench * | East of the Philippines |
| Puerto Rico Trench | Boundary of Caribbean and Atlantic ocean |
| Puysegur trench | Southwest of New Zealand |
| Ryukyu Trench | Eastern edge of Japan’s Ryukyu Islands |
| South Sandwich Trench | East of the South Sandwich Islands |
| Sunda Trench | Curves from south of Java to west of Sumatra and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands |
| Tonga Trench * | Near Tonga |
| Yap Trench | Western Pacific Ocean; between Palau Islands and Mariana Trench |
(*) The five deepest trenches in the world
Ancient oceanic trenches
| Trench | Location |
|---|---|
| Intermontane Trench | Western North America; between the Intermontane Islands and North America |
| Insular Trench | Western North America; between the Insular Islands and the Intermontane Islands |
| Farallon Trench | Western North America |
| Tethyan Trench | South of Turkey, Iran, Tibet and Southeast Asia |
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List of mid-ocean ridges
- Aden Ridge – Part of an active oblique rift system in the Gulf of Aden, between Somalia and the Arabian Peninsula
- Cocos Ridge
- Explorer Ridge – Mid-ocean ridge west of British Columbia, Canada
- Galapagos Spreading Center – an east-west trending mid-ocean ridge east of the eponymous islands between the Nazca and Cocos plates
- Gorda Ridge – Tectonic spreading center off the northern coast of California and southern Oregon
- Juan de Fuca Ridge – Divergent plate boundary off the coast of the Pacific Northwest region of North America
- South American–Antarctic Ridge – Mid-ocean ridge in the South Atlantic between the South American Plate and the Antarctic Plate
- Chile Rise
- East Pacific Rise – A mid-oceanic ridge at a divergent tectonic plate boundary on the floor of the Pacific Ocean
- Gakkel Ridge – Mid-oceanic ridge under the Arctic Ocean between the North American Plate and the Eurasian Plate(Mid-Arctic Ridge)
- Pacific-Antarctic Ridge – Tectonic plate boundary in the South Pacific Ocean
- Central Indian Ridge – A north-south-trending mid-ocean ridge in the western Indian Ocean
- Carlsberg Ridge – Tectonic plate ridge
- Southeast Indian Ridge – Mid-ocean ridge in the southern Indian Ocean
- Southwest Indian Ridge – A mid-ocean ridge on the bed of the south-west Indian Ocean and south-east Atlantic Ocean
- Mid-Atlantic Ridge – Atlantic Ocean tectonic plate boundary
- Kolbeinsey Ridge – Segment of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge north of Iceland in the Arctic Ocean
- Mohns Ridge
- Knipovich Ridge (between Greenland and Spitsbergen)
- Reykjanes Ridge (south of Iceland)
List of ancient oceanic ridges
- Aegir Ridge – Extinct mid-ocean ridge in the far-northern Atlantic Ocean
- Alpha Ridge – Major volcanic ridge under the Arctic Ocean
- Kula-Farallon Ridge – Ancient mid-ocean ridge
- Mid-Labrador Ridge – Ancient mid-ocean ridge that existed between the North American and Greenland plates in the Labrador Sea during the Paleogene period
- Pacific-Farallon Ridge – Spreading ridge during the Late Cretaceous
- Pacific-Kula Ridge – Mid-ocean ridge between the Pacific and Kula plates in the Pacific Ocean during the Paleogene period
- Phoenix Ridge
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- Afar Triangle – Geological depression caused by the Afar Triple Junction
- Geography of Iceland – Geographical features of Iceland
- List of oceanic landforms
- Ocean chemistry
- Oceanic crust
- Petrological Database of the Ocean Floor
- Project FAMOUS – first manned submersible study of the rift valley of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge
- RISE project – discovery of black smokers hydrothermal systems on the East Pacific Rise
- Slab window – Type of gap in a subducted oceanic plate
- Submarine volcano – Underwater vents or fissures in the Earth’s surface from which magma can erupt
- Vine-Matthews-Morely hypothesis; explains relation of marine magnetic anomalies to seafloor spreading.
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For the destruction of the ships in port. Click on this link:
Type in the word: Tsunamis in the image section of an Internet Search or click this link:
Type in the word: Comet in the image section of an Internet Search or click this link:
Check out these links for information about the Oort Cloud and the Kuiper Belt This is the location of trillions of comets. Eventually, one of them will hit the earth!!! It might be a “Super Comet.” Just type the words: Super Comet in the search section on the Internet and you should find some information.
Type in the words: Ash Cloud in the image section of an Internet Search or click this link:
Type in the words: Earth’s Interior in the image section of an Internet Search or click this link for information about the bottomless pit:
Type in the words: Volcano Eruption in the image section of an Internet Search or click this link:
Type in the words: Volcano Vent and/or Volcano Crater in the image section of an Internet Search or click these four links:
Type in the words: Volcano Lightning in the image section of an Internet Search or click these three links:
For a better understanding of the word “hail, as mentioned in Revelation 8:7; 11:15-19 and 16:17-21, just do some research on the words: Volcanic Bomb.
Type in the words: Volcanic Bomb in an Internet Search Section or click this link:
Type in the words: Volcanic Bomb in the image section of an Internet Search or click this link:
Type in the words: Plate Tectonics in the image section of an Internet Search or click this link:
Type in the words: Plate Boundaries in the image section of an Internet Search or click this link:
Here are two additional useful links:
Click on these links:
Type in the words: Volcano Lava in the image section of an Internet Search or click this link:
This link is for Volcanoes of the World:
This link is for Volcanoes of the United States:
This next section deals with the Destruction of Rome, Italy and the Vatican City.
You can also type the following words in an Internet Search Section and/or in the Image Section: Italy Volcanoes, Monte Albano, Colli Albani Hills, Alban Hills Volcano, Tiber River.
Please click on this link about the Alban Hills Volcano near Rome, Italy.
Please type in the following words in an Internet Search or Image Section: Italy Subduction Zone or click the following two links:
The links below, will provide information about the future destruction of the “Vatican City,” in Rome, Italy. The Alban Hills volcano complex may or may not be the volcano complex which God will use to destroy the “Vatican City.”
But it is certainly worth considering… There are other volcanoes in the area, as the whole country is above a Subduction Zone.
You may not want to accept this concept, but it will happen. The Bible clearly teaches this fact. It Will Happen… Again, It Will Happen… It’s just a matter of time.
Just remember, when the Arab Antichrist invades Israel, then The Great Tribulation Period will begin and 3 1/2 years later, will be the Destruction of Rome, Italy and the end of the Vatican City…forever…
The “Lord Jesus Christ” will not let this religious system remain active when He begins His 1,000 year Reign on this earth, as He returns immediately after it’s destruction…
Please check out these links. They will provide you with information as to the method of the destruction used against the City of Rome and primarily for the single purpose of destroying the religious system in the Vatican City.
- Subduction Zone
- Subduction Zone – Images
- Subduction Zone from Wikipedia
- Apennine Mountains
- 2009 L’Aquila Earthquake, Italy
- Alban Hills
- Volcanoes Surrounding the City of Rome, Italy
- Volcanism in Italy
- Volcanoes Near Rome, Italy
- Tiber River
- Tiber River and Volcanoes near Rome, Italy– Map
Type in the words: Red Tide or Dinoflagellates in the Web section of an Internet Search or click on the following five links:
Type in the words: Volcano Eruption Ozone Hole in the image section of an Internet Search for information about the destruction of the Ozone Layer from Volcanic Eruptions or click this link:
Destroy them which destroy the earth. (To bring to ruin) them which (morally corrupt) the earth. Revelation 11:18b.
God will use the “blood like-substance” or the “blood of the earth” to put an end to the gross immorality of humanity… When the great earthquakes really begin to happen, the surface of the earth will crack open and the “burning hot magma” from the interior of the earth will literally “burn” humanity from off the surface of the earth… God will use the earth to bring about the fulfillment of His Biblical Prophecies…
A Blood-Like Substance Arises From Under The Earth In The Jordan River Valley Outside The City Of Jerusalem
And the angel thrust with intense violence, his gathering hook and sickle for harvesting, into the earth and gathered the vine and vintage of the earth and cast and threw it into the great trough, wine-vat and winepress of the fierce indignation and wrath of Deity; the very exceeding great God. And the great trough, wine-vat and winepress was trodden without the city and a blood-like substance came out of the winepress, even up to the horse bridle-bits, by the space of a thousand and six hundred furlongs.
(1,600 furlongs times, 606.75 Greek feet, divided by 5,280 English feet, equals 183.86 miles). Revelation 14:19-20.
Type in the words: Volcano Lava in the image section of an Internet Search or click this link:
What about the “the sea and the waves roaring;”? Can we find any insight as to what the Lord was talking about?
Check out these links for information about: “the sea and the waves roaring.”
- Tsunami
- Historic Tsunami
- Mega Tsunami
- Tsunami Images
- Tsunami from NOAA
- The Physics of Tsunamis
- Tsunami Research from NOAA
- Tsunami Pictures
And from Jesus Christ, who is the faithful witness and the first begotten of the dead and the prince of the kings of the earth. Unto him that loved us and washed us from our sins in his own blood and hath made us kings and priests unto God and his Father; to him be glory and dominion forever and ever. Amen. Behold,he cometh with clouds; and every eye shall see him and they also which pierced him: and all kindred’s of the earth shall wail because of him. Even so, Amen. I am Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the ending, saith the Lord, which is and which was and which is to come, the Almighty. Revelation 1:5-8.
Check out these links for information about Volcanic Ash Clouds.
- Ash Cloud.
- Volcanic Ash Cloud.
- Volcanic Ash.
- Volcanic Ash from USGS.
- Volcanic Ash Glossary.
- Volcanic Ash Glossary – Description.
- Volcanic Ash Images.
And the seventh angel sounded; and there were great voices in heaven, saying, The kingdoms of this world are become the kingdoms of our Lord and of his Christ;and he shall reign forever and ever. And the four and twenty elders, which sat before God on their seats, fell upon their faces and worshipped God, Saying, We give thee thanks, O Lord God Almighty, which art, and wast, and art to come; because thou hast taken to thee thy great power and hast reigned. And the nations were angry and thy wrath is come and the time of the dead, that they should be judged and that thou shouldest give rewards unto thy servants the prophets and to the saints and them that fear thy name, small and great; and shouldest destroy them, which destroy the earth. And the temple of God was opened in heaven and there was seen in his temple the ark of his testament; and there were lightnings and voices and thunderings and an earthquake and great hail. Revelation11:15-19.
Check out these links for information about Volcanic Lightning and Volcanic Hail.
- Volcanic Lightning from the Rinjani Volcano.
- Volcanic Lightning from the Galunggung Volcano.
- Volcanic Lightning.
- Volcanic Lightning from the Chaiten Volcano.
- Volcanic Bomb.
- Volcanic Block.
The Seventh Vial of Wrath
The seventh vial of wrath ends the Tribulation Period. When the last 45 days of the Wrath of God is completed, there would have been great worldwide earthquakes, massive volcanic eruptions, with towering ash clouds, volcanic lightning and volcanic bombs of melting rock. These submarine earthquakes and volcanoes will produce catastrophic tsunamis waves along the coastal areas, resulting in a displacement of the geographical location of all the islands and mountains on this earth. Every inch of landmass on the entire surface of the earth will have a new geographical position. God will judge the people of the world with fire from under the earth’s crust.
And the seventh angel poured out his vial into the air; and there came a great voice out of the temple of heaven, from the throne, saying, It is done. And there were voices and thunders and lightnings; and there was a great earthquake, such as not since men were upon the earth, so mighty an earthquake and so great. And the city was divided into three parts and the cities of the nations fell: and great Babylon came in remembrance before God, to give unto her the cup of the wine of the fierceness of his wrath. And every island fled away and the mountains were not found. And there fell upon men a great hail out of heaven, every stone about the weight of a talent: and men blasphemed God because of the plague of the hail; for the plague thereof was exceeding great. Revelation 16:17-21.
Check out these links for information on how God will use the earth to bring about the Great Tribulation Period. God will cause the tectonic plate movement to produce earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, bring an end to the present state of humanity. It will be the End of the World as we know it, in our life time.
- Ring of Fire.
- Ring of Fire Images.
- List of Volcanoes.
- Earthquake Pictures.
- World Earthquake Maps.
- United States Earthquake Maps.
- List of World Earthquakes.
Check out these two links below, to understand “Lightning Fire”.
This “Lightning Fire” is from Volcanic Eruptions…
It will be occurring all along the tectonic plate boundaries of the earth…
The “plague of the hail” will be the volcanic bombs, thrown out from the erupting volcanoes…
Revelation 8: [13] And I beheld, and heard an angel flying through the midst of heaven, saying with a loud voice, Woe, woe, woe, to the inhabiters of the earth by reason of the other voices of the trumpet of the three angels, which are yet to sound!
Check out these links for the words “Bottomless Pit.”:
Check out these links for information about what these demons look like:
To better answer how to answer this question, we should learn something about the structure of the land in the area of the Euphrates River. The following links will help towards understanding how God will use earthquakes, to break up the land in the Middle East, to divert the Euphrates River.
- Plate Tectonics
- Plate Tectonics Boundaries
- Plate Tectonics Boundaries
- Plate Tectonics Motion
- List of Tectonic Plate Interactions
- Middle East Tectonic Plates
- Plate Tectonics Map
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- Aseismic creep
- Fault scarp – Small step or offset on the ground surface where one side of a fault has moved vertically with respect to the other
- Fault block – Large blocks of rock created by tectonic and localized stresses in Earth’s crust
- Mitigation of seismic motion
- Mountain formation – Geological processes that underlie the formation of mountains
- Orogeny – The formation of mountain ranges
- Paleostress inversion
- Seismic hazard – Probability that an earthquake will occur in a given geographic area, within a given window of time
- Striation – Groove, created by a geological process, on the surface of a rock or a mineral
- Vertical displacement – Vertical movement of Earth’s crust
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Check out these images for the location of the Euphrates River. Notice it’s headwaters, then how it flows southeast. During the Great Tribulation Period, the earthquakes will cause it to be diverted southwest into the Jordan River.
The land of Syria has many earthquake faults and a massive earthquake will collapse the Palmyride folds, which will allow the Euphrates River to flow southwest towards Israel.
Check out these links for information about the Palmyride Folds:
These geological changes will begin, when the Antichrist or the Islamic leader of the ten Arab confederation of nations attack the nation of Israel.
When the Euphrates River, the Jordan River and Ezekiel’s spring combine their water sources, in addition to hundreds, perhaps thousands of newly formed springs, along with the transformation of the southern end of the Dead Sea Fault Zone, the “New River” will be able to support an abundance of freshwater fish for the 1,000 years in which Israel will become the breadbasket of the world.
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The following lists of links can be useful, in helping a person to understand the structure of the Earth and how it is possible for Earthquake and Volcanoes to be the means of fulfillment of the Old Testament Scriptures, the Gospels, the Epistles and the Book of Revelation towards the Great Tribulation Period.
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They are from:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tectonic_plate_interactions
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- The East African Rift (Great Rift Valley) in eastern Africa
- The Mid-Atlantic Ridge system separates the North American Plate and South American Plate in the west from the Eurasian Plate and African Plate in the east
- The Gakkel Ridge is a slow spreading ridge located in the Arctic Ocean
- The East Pacific Rise, extending from the South Pacific to the Gulf of California
- The Baikal Rift Zone in eastern Russia
- The Red Sea Rift
- The Aden Ridge along the southern shore of the Arabian Peninsula
- The Carlsberg Ridge in the eastern Indian Ocean
- The Gorda Ridge off the northwest coast of North America
- The Explorer Ridge off the northwest coast of North America
- The Juan de Fuca Ridge off the northwest coast of North America
- The Chile Rise off the southeast Pacific
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- The oceanic Nazca Plate subducts beneath the continental South American Plate at the Peru–Chile Trench.
- Just north of the Nazca Plate, the oceanic Cocos Plate subducts under the Caribbean Plate and forms the Middle America Trench.
- The Cascadia subduction zone is where the oceanic Juan de Fuca, Gorda and Explorer Plates subduct under the continental North American plate.
- The oceanic Pacific Plate subducts under the North American Plate (composed of both continental and oceanic sections) forming the Aleutian Trench.
- The oceanic Pacific Plate subducts beneath the continental Okhotsk Plate at the Japan Trench.
- The oceanic Philippine Sea Plate subducts beneath the Eurasian Plate at the Ryukyu Trench.
- The oceanic Pacific Plate subducts under the oceanic Philippine Sea Plate forming the Mariana Trench.
- The oceanic Philippine Sea Plate is subducting under the Philippine Mobile Belt forming the Philippine Trench and the East Luzon Trench.
- The Eurasian Plate is subducting under the Philippine Mobile Belt at the Manila Trench.
- The Sunda Plate is subducting under the Philippine Mobile Belt at the Negros Trench and the Cotobato Trench.
- The oceanic Indo-Australian Plate is subducted beneath the continental Sunda Plate along the Sunda Trench.
- The oceanic Pacific Plate is subducting under the Indo-Australian Plate north and east of New Zealand, but the direction of subduction reverses south of the Alpine Fault where the Indo-Australian Plate starts subducting under the Pacific Plate.
- The South American Plate is subducting under the South Sandwich Plate, forming the South Sandwich Trench.
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- The most dramatic orogenic belt on the planet is the one between the Indo-Australian Plate and African Plate on one side (to the South) and the Eurasian Plate on the other side (to the North). This belt runs from New Zealand in the East-SouthEast, through Indonesia, along the Himalayas, through the Middle East up to the Mediterranean in the West-Northwest. It is also called the “Tethyan” Zone, as it constitutes the zone along which the ancient Tethys Ocean was deformed and disappeared. The following mountain belts can be distinguished:
- The European Alps
- The Carpathians
- The Pyrenees
- The Apennines
- The Dinarides
- The North African mountain belts such as the Atlas Mountains
- The Karst Plateau of the Balkan Peninsula
- The Caucasus
- The Zagros
- The Himalayas
- The Indonesian Archipelago
- The Southern Alps of New Zealand
- The Andes orogenic belt is the latest of a series of orogenies along the western margin of the South American Plate.
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- The San Andreas Fault in California is an active transform boundary. The Pacific Plate (carrying the city of Los Angeles) is moving northwards with respect to the North American Plate.
- The Queen Charlotte Fault on the Pacific Northwest coast of North America
- The Motagua Fault, which crosses through Guatemala, is a transform boundary between the southern edge of the North American Plate and the northern edge of the Caribbean Plate.
- New Zealand’s Alpine Fault is another active transform boundary.
- The Dead Sea Transform (DST) fault which runs through the Jordan River Valley in the Middle East.
- The Owen Fracture Zone along the southeastern boundary of the Arabian Plate.
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Triple junction – Meeting point of three tectonic plates.
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- The junction of the Red Sea, the Gulf of Aden and the East African Rift centered in the Afar Triangle (the Afar Triple Junction) is the only Ridge-Ridge-Ridge (R-R-R) triple junction above sea level.
- The Rodrigues Triple Junction is a R-R-R triple junction in the southern Indian Ocean, where the African, the Indo-Australian and the Antarctic Plates meet.
- The Galapagos Triple Junction is an R-R-R triple junction where the Nazca, the Cocos, and the Pacific Plates meet. The East Pacific Rise extends north and south from this junction and the Galapagos Rise goes to the east. This example is made more complex by the Galapagos Microplate which is a small separate plate on the rise just to the southeast of the triple junction.
- Chiapas coast off Tapachula where Guatemala, North America and Pacific join and small earthquakes occur weekly. This is pushed eastward by the Cocos plate.
- On the west coast of North America is another unstable triple junction offshore of Cape Mendocino. To the south, the San Andreas Fault, a strike-slip fault and transform plate boundary, separates the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate. To the north lies the Cascadia subduction zone, where a section of the Juan de Fuca Plate called the Gorda Plate is being subducted under the North American Plate, forming a trench (T). Another transform fault, the Mendocino Fault (F), runs along the boundary between the Pacific Plate and the Gorda Plate. Where the three intersect is the seismically active, F-F-T Mendocino Triple Junction.
- The Amurian Plate, the Okhotsk Plate, and the Philippine Sea Plate meet in Japan near Mount Fuji. (see Mount Fuji’s Geology)
- The Azores Triple Junction is a geologic triple junction where the boundaries of three tectonic plates intersect: the North American Plate, the Eurasian Plate and the African Plate.
- The Boso Triple Junction offshore Japan is a T-T-T triple junction between the Okhotsk Plate, Pacific Plate and Philippine Sea Plate.
- The North Sea is located at the extinct triple junction of three former continental plates of the Palaeozoic era: Avalonia, Laurentia and Baltica.
- The South Greenland Triple Junction was an R-R-R triple junction where the Eurasian, Greenland and North American plates diverged during the Paleogene.
- The Chile Triple Junction is where the South American Plate, the Nazca Plate, and the Antarctic Plate meet.
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Plate tectonics (from the Late Latin: tectonicus, from the Ancient Greek: τεκτονικός, lit. ‘pertaining to building’) is the generally accepted scientific theory that considers the Earth‘s lithosphere to comprise a number of large tectonic plates which have been slowly moving since about 3.4 billion years ago. The model builds on the concept of continental drift, an idea developed during the first decades of the 20th century. Plate tectonics came to be generally accepted by geoscientists after seafloor spreading was validated in the mid to late 1960s.
Earth’s lithosphere, which is the rigid outermost shell of a planet (the crust and upper mantle), is broken into seven or eight major plates (depending on how they are defined) and many minor plates. Where the plates meet, their relative motion determines the type of boundary: convergent, divergent, or transform. Earthquakes, volcanic activity, mountain-building, and oceanic trench formation occur along these plate boundaries (or faults). The relative movement of the plates typically ranges from zero to 10 cm annually.
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- The collision between the Eurasian Plate and the Indian Plate that is forming the Himalayas.
- The collision between the Australian Plate and the Pacific Plate that formed the Southern Alps / Kā Tiritiri o te Moana in New Zealand
- Subduction of the northern part of the Pacific Plate and the NW North American Plate that is forming the Aleutian Islands.
- Subduction of the Nazca Plate beneath the South American Plate to form the Andes.
- Subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath the Australian Plate and Tonga Plate, forming the complex New Zealand to New Guinea subduction/transform boundaries.
- Collision of the Eurasian Plate and the African Plate formed the Pontic Mountains in Turkey.
- Subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath the Mariana Plate formed the Mariana Trench.
- Subduction of the Juan de Fuca Plate beneath the North American Plate to form the Cascade Range.
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- Seafloor spreading – Geological process at mid-ocean ridges, where new oceanic crust is formed through volcanic activity and then gradually moves away from the ridge
- Continental drift – Movement of Earth’s continents relative to each other
- Subduction zone – A geological process at convergent tectonic plate boundaries where one plate moves under the other
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- Fracture zone – Linear feature on the ocean floor
- Leaky transform fault – Transform fault producing new crust
- List of tectonic plate interactions – Definitions and examples of the interactions between the relatively mobile sections of the lithosphere
- Plate tectonics – Movement of Earth’s lithosphere
- Strike-slip tectonics – Structure and processes associated with zones of lateral displacement in the Earth’s crust
- Structural geology – Science of the description and interpretation of deformation in the Earth’s crust
**
Tectonic plates are composed of the oceanic lithosphere and the thicker continental lithosphere, each topped by its own kind of crust. Along convergent boundaries, the process of subduction, or one plate moving under another, carries the edge of the lower one down into the mantle; the area of material lost is roughly balanced by the formation of new (oceanic) crust along divergent margins by seafloor spreading. In this way, the total geoid surface area of the lithosphere remains constant. This prediction of plate tectonics is also referred to as the conveyor belt principle. Earlier theories, since disproven, proposed gradual shrinking (contraction) or gradual expansion of the globe.
Tectonic plates are able to move because Earth’s lithosphere has greater mechanical strength than the underlying asthenosphere. Lateral density variations in the mantle result in convection; that is, the slow creeping motion of Earth’s solid mantle. Plate movement is thought to be driven by a combination of the motion of the seafloor away from spreading ridges due to variations in topography (the ridge is a topographic high) and density changes in the crust (density increases as newly-formed crust cools and moves away from the ridge). At subduction zones the relatively cold, dense oceanic crust is “pulled” or sinks down into the mantle over the downward convecting limb of a mantle cell. The relative importance of each of these factors and their relationship to each other is unclear, and still the subject of much debate.
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- Asthenosphere – Highly viscous, mechanically weak and ductile region of Earth’s mantle
- Aulacogen – Failed arm of a triple junction, an inactive rift zone
- Back-arc basin – Submarine features associated with island arcs and subduction zones
- Bimodal volcanism – Eruption of both mafic and felsic lavas from a single volcanic centre
- Continent – Very large landmass identified by convention
- Crust – The outermost solid shell of a rocky planet, dwarf planet, or natural satellite
- Epeirogenic movement – Upheavals or depressions of land exhibiting long wavelengths and little folding
- Fault (geology) – Fracture or discontinuity in rock across which there has been displacement
- Fault mechanics – Field of study that investigates the behavior of geologic faults
- Active fault – Geological fault likely to be the source of an earthquake sometime in the future
- Flux melting – The process by which the melting point is reduced by the admixture of a material known as a flux
- Geodynamics – Study of dynamics of the Earth
- Island arc – Arc-shaped archipelago formed by intense seismic activity of long chains of active volcanoes
- Mantle – Layer inside a planet between core and crust
- Mohorovičić discontinuity – Boundary between the Earth’s crust and the mantle
- Mountain – Large landform that rises fairly steeply above the surrounding land over a limited area
- Mid-ocean ridge, also known as Oceanic ridge – Basaltic underwater mountain system formed by plate tectonic spreading
- Oceanic trench – Long and narrow depressions of the sea floor
- Paleoclimatology – Study of changes in ancient climate
- Paleomap – Map of continents and mountain ranges in the past based on plate reconstructions
- Seamount – Mountain rising from the ocean seafloor that does not reach to the water’s surface
- Slab (geology) – The portion of a tectonic plate that is being subducted
- Slab gap hypothesis – Explanation for several instances of crustal extension that occur inland near former subduction zones
- Slab window – Type of gap in a subducted oceanic plate
- Supercontinent – Landmass comprising more than one continental core, or craton
- Terrane – Fragment of crust formed on one tectonic plate and accreted to another
- Volcano – Rupture in the crust of a planet that allows lava, ash, and gases to escape from below the surface
Tectonic plate interactions
Tectonic plate interactions – Definitions and examples of the interactions between the relatively mobile sections of the lithosphere
- Continental drift – Movement of Earth’s continents relative to each other
- Convergent boundary – Region of active deformation between colliding tectonic plates
- Divergent boundary – Linear feature that exists between two tectonic plates that are moving away from each other
- Extensional tectonics – Study of the structures formed by, and the processes associated with, the stretching of a planetary body’s crust
- Isostasy – State of gravitational equilibrium between Earth’s crust and mantle
- Leaky transform fault – Transform fault producing new crust
- Mantle convection – Gradual movement of the planet’s mantle
- Obduction – Overthrusting of oceanic lithosphere onto continental lithosphere at a convergent plate boundary
- Orogeny – The formation of mountain ranges
- Passive margin – Transition between oceanic and continental lithosphere that is not an active plate margin
- Plume tectonics – Geophysical theory of movement of mantle plumes under tectonic plates
- Ridge push – Proposed driving force for tectonic plate motion
- Seafloor spreading – Geological process at mid-ocean ridges, where new oceanic crust is formed through volcanic activity and then gradually moves away from the ridge
- Strike-slip tectonics – Structure and processes associated with zones of lateral displacement in the Earth’s crust
- Subduction – A geological process at convergent tectonic plate boundaries where one plate moves under the other
- Tectonic uplift – Geologic uplift of Earth’s surface that is attributed to plate tectonics
- Thrust tectonics – Study of the structures formed by, and the tectonic processes associated with, the shortening and thickening of the crust
- Transform fault, also known as Transform boundary – Plate boundary where the motion is predominantly horizontal
- Triple junction – Meeting point of three tectonic plates
Back arc basins
Back-arc basin – Submarine features associated with island arcs and subduction zones
Continents
Continent – Very large landmass identified by convention
- Africa – Continent
- Antarctica – Continent
- Asia – Continent
- Australia (continent) – One of Earth’s seven main divisions of land
- Europe – Continent
- North America – Continent in the Northern Hemisphere
- South America – Continent
Supercontinent – Landmass comprising more than one continental core, or craton
- Eurasia – Combined landmasses of Europe and Asia
Paleocontinents
Paleocontinent – A distinct area of continental crust that existed as a major landmass in the geological past
- Asiamerica – Large island that existed in the Late Cretaceous to Eocene epochs
- Amazonian Craton – Geologic province in South America
- Appalachia (Mesozoic)
- Arctica – Ancient continent in the Neoarchean era
- Armorican terrane – Microcontinent or group of continental fragments rifted away from Gondwana
- Asiamerica – Large island that existed in the Late Cretaceous to Eocene epochs
- Atlantica – Ancient continent formed during the Proterozoic about 2 billion years ago
- Australia (continent) – One of Earth’s seven main divisions of land (Also known as Sahul)
- Avalonia – Microcontinent in the Paleozoic era named for the Avalon Peninsula in Newfoundland
- Baltica – Late-Proterozoic to early-Palaeozoic continent
- Cathaysia – A microcontinent or group of terranes that rifted off Gondwana during the Late Paleozoic
- Chilenia – Ancient microcontinent, containing central Chile and western Argentina
- Chiloé Block – Ancient microcontinent or terrane that collided with the South American Plate during the Proterozoic
- Cimmeria (continent) – Ancient string of microcontinents that rifted from Gondwana
- Congo Craton – Precambrian craton that with four others makes up the modern continent of Africa
- Chilenia – Ancient microcontinent, containing central Chile and western Argentina
- Cuyania – Ancient microcontinent now part of Argentina
- Laramidia – Island continent that existed until the Late Cretaceous period
- Iberian Plate – Small tectonic plate now part of the Eurasian plate
- Insular India – Isolated land mass which became the Indian subcontinent
- Kalahari Craton – Old and stable part of the continental lithosphere, that occupies large portions of South Africa, Botswana, Namibia and Zimbabwe
- Kazakhstania – Geological region in Central Asia
- Kerguelen Plateau – Oceanic plateau in the southern Indian Ocean
- Laramidia – Island continent that existed until the Late Cretaceous period
- Laurentia – A large continental craton that forms the ancient geological core of the North American continent
- Mauritia (microcontinent) – A Precambrian microcontinent that broke away as India and Madagascar separated
- North China Craton – Continental crustal block in northeast China, Inner Mongolia, the Yellow Sea, and North Korea
- Pampia – Ancient microcontinent or terrane
- Río de la Plata Craton – Medium-sized continental block in Uruguay, eastern Argentina and southern Brazil
- São Francisco Craton – An ancient craton in the eastern part of South America with outcrops in Minas Gerais and Bahia, Brazil
- Siberia (continent) – Ancient craton forming the Central Siberian Plateau
- South China (continent)
- Sunda (continent)
- Supercontinent – Landmass comprising more than one continental core, or craton
- Columbia (supercontinent) – Ancient supercontinent of approximately 2,500 to 1,500 million years ago
- Euramerica
- Gondwana – Neoproterozoic to Cretaceous landmass
- Kenorland – Hypothetical Neoarchaean supercontinent from about 2.8 billion years ago
- Laurasia – Northern landmass that formed part of the Pangaea supercontinent
- Nena (supercontinent) – Early Proterozoic supercontinent
- Pangaea – Supercontinent from the late Paleozoic to early Mesozoic eras
- Pannotia – Hypothesized Neoproterozoic supercontinent from the end of the Precambrian
- Rodinia – Hypothetical Neoproterozoic supercontinent
- Ur (continent) – Proposed archaean supercontinent from about 3.1 billion years ago
- Vaalbara – Archaean supercontinent from about 3.6 to 2.7 billion years ago
Earthquakes
Earthquake – Shaking of the surface of the earth caused by a sudden release of energy in the crust
- Blind thrust earthquake – Movement along a thrust fault that is not visible at the surface
- Intraplate earthquake – Earthquake that occurs within the interior of a tectonic plate
- Interplate earthquake – Earthquake that occurs at the boundary between two tectonic plates
- Megathrust earthquake – Type of earthquake that occurs at subduction zones at destructive convergent plate boundaries
Oceans
Ocean – Body of salt water covering the majority of Earth
Ancient oceans
List of ancient oceans – List of planet Earth’s former oceans
- Adamastor Ocean – Precambrian “proto-Atlantic” ocean in the Southern Hemisphere
- Boreal Sea – Mesozoic-era seaway that lay along the northern border of Laurasia
- Bridge River Ocean – Ancient ocean between North America and the Insular Islands during the Mesozoic
- Iapetus Ocean – Ocean that existed in the late Neoproterozoic and early Paleozoic eras
- Central American Seaway – Body of water that once separated North America from South America
- Goianides Ocean – Ocean in South America in Neoproterozoic
- Goiás Ocean
- Hudson Seaway – Major seaway of North America during the Cretaceous Period
- Iapetus Ocean – Ocean that existed in the late Neoproterozoic and early Paleozoic eras
- Khanty Ocean – Small Precambrian ocean between Baltica and the Siberian continent
- Lapland-Kola Ocean
- Mirovia – Hypothesized superocean surrounding the supercontinent Rodinia in the Neoproterozoic Era
- Paleo-Tethys Ocean – Ocean on the margin of Gondwana between the Middle Cambrian and Late Triassic
- Pan-African Ocean – Hypothesized paleo-ocean whose closure created the supercontinent of Pannotia
- Pannonian Sea – Shallow ancient sea where the Pannonian Basin in Central Europe is today
- Panthalassa – Prehistoric superocean that surrounded Pangaea
- Paratethys – Large shallow sea that stretched from the region north of the Alps over Central Europe to the Aral Sea in Central Asia
- Pharusian Ocean – Ancient ocean that existed from 800 to 635 million years ago
- Piemont-Liguria Ocean – Former piece of oceanic crust that is seen as part of the Tethys Ocean
- Poseidon Ocean – Supposed ocean that existed in the Mesoproterozoic period
- Pre-Svecofennian Ocean
- Proto-Tethys Ocean – Ancient ocean that existed from the latest Ediacaran to the Carboniferous
- Rheic Ocean – Ancient ocean which separated two major palaeocontinents, Gondwana and Laurussia
- Slide Mountain Ocean – An ancient ocean that existed between the Intermontane Islands and North America
- Sundance Sea – Inland sea that existed in North America during the mid-to-late Jurassic Period of the Mesozoic Era
- Tethys Ocean – Mesozoic ocean between Gondwana and Laurasia
- Tornquist Sea – Sea between the palaeocontinents Avalonia and Baltica about 600 to 450 million years ago
- Turgai Sea – Large shallow body of salt water of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic Eras
- Ural Ocean – Small, ancient ocean between Siberia and Baltica
- Valais Ocean – Subducted ocean basin. Remnants found in the Alps in the North Penninic nappes.
- Western Interior Seaway – Large prehistoric inland sea that split the continent of North America
Superoceans
Superocean – Ocean that surrounds a supercontinent
- Mirovia – Hypothesized superocean surrounding the supercontinent Rodinia in the Neoproterozoic Era
- Pan-African Ocean – Hypothesized paleo-ocean whose closure created the supercontinent of Pannotia
- Panthalassa – Prehistoric superocean that surrounded Pangaea
Orogenies
Orogeny – The formation of mountain ranges
- List of orogenies – Known mountain building events of the Earth’s history
- Mountain formation – Geological processes that underlie the formation of mountains
- Fold mountains – Mountains formed by compressive crumpling of the layers of rock
- Algoman orogeny – Late Archaean episode of mountain building in what is now North America
Rifts
Rift – Geological linear zone where the lithosphere is being pulled apart
- Mid-ocean ridge – Basaltic underwater mountain system formed by plate tectonic spreading
- Saint Lawrence rift system – Seismically active zone paralleling the Saint Lawrence River
Active rifts
- Propagating rift – Seafloor feature associated with spreading centers at mid-ocean ridges and back-arc basins
Continental rifts
- East African Rift – Active continental rift zone in East Africa
- Laptev Sea Rift – Divergent tectonic plate boundary between the North American Plate and the Eurasian Plate
- Afar Triangle – Geological depression caused by the Afar Triple Junction
Oceanic ridges
- Aden Ridge – Part of an active oblique rift system in the Gulf of Aden, between Somalia and the Arabian Peninsula
- Cocos Ridge
- Explorer Ridge – Mid-ocean ridge west of British Columbia, Canada
- Gorda Ridge – Tectonic spreading center off the northern coast of California and southern Oregon
- Juan de Fuca Ridge – Divergent plate boundary off the coast of the Pacific Northwest region of North America
- South American–Antarctic Ridge – Mid-ocean ridge in the South Atlantic between the South American Plate and the Antarctic Plate
- Chile Rise
- East Pacific Rise – A mid-oceanic ridge at a divergent tectonic plate boundary on the floor of the Pacific Ocean
- East Scotia Ridge
- Gakkel Ridge – Mid-oceanic ridge under the Arctic Ocean between the North American Plate and the Eurasian Plate(Mid-Arctic Ridge)
- Nazca Ridge – Submarine ridge off the coast of Peru
- Pacific-Antarctic Ridge – Tectonic plate boundary in the South Pacific Ocean
- Central Indian Ridge – A north-south-trending mid-ocean ridge in the western Indian Ocean
- Carlsberg Ridge – Tectonic plate ridge
- Southeast Indian Ridge – Mid-ocean ridge in the southern Indian Ocean
- Southwest Indian Ridge – A mid-ocean ridge on the bed of the south-west Indian Ocean and south-east Atlantic Ocean
- Mid-Atlantic Ridge – Atlantic Ocean tectonic plate boundary
- Kolbeinsey Ridge (North of Iceland)
- Mohns Ridge
- Knipovich Ridge (between Greenland and Spitsbergen)
- Reykjanes Ridge (South of Iceland)
Aulacogens
Aulacogen – Failed arm of a triple junction, an inactive rift zone
- Adelaide Rift Complex
- Alpha Ridge – Major volcanic ridge under the Arctic Ocean
- Aegir Ridge – Extinct mid-ocean ridge in the far-northern Atlantic Ocean
- Anza trough – Rift in Kenya that was formed in the Jurassic Period
- Bahr el Arab rift – Major geological feature in the southwest Sudan
- Benue Trough – Major geological structure underlying a large part of Nigeria
- Central Lowlands – Geologically defined area of relatively low-lying land in southern Scotland
- Eastern North America Rift Basins – Series of sediment-filled aborted rifts created by large-scale continental extension
- Fundy Basin – Sediment-filled rift basin on the Atlantic coast of southeastern Canada
- Gulf of Suez Rift – Continental rift zone that was active between the Late Oligocene and the end of the Miocene
- Gulf St Vincent – A large inlet of water on the southern coast of South Australia between the Yorke Peninsula and the Fleurieu Peninsula
- Kula-Farallon Ridge – Ancient mid-ocean ridge
- Melut Basin – Rift basin in South Sudan
- Midcontinent Rift System – Geological rift in the center of the North American continent
- Mississippi embayment – Low-lying basin filled with Cretaceous to recent sediments
- Muglad Basin – Large rift basin in southern Sudan and South Sudan
- Narmada River – River of central India in a rift valley
- New Madrid Seismic Zone – Major seismic zone in the southern and midwestern United States
- Newark Basin – Sediment-filled rift basin in northern New Jersey, south-eastern Pennsylvania and southern New York
- Nipigon Embayment – Inactive continental rift zone in Northwestern Ontario, Canada
- Oslo Graben – Inactive Permian geological rift in Norway
- Ottawa-Bonnechere Graben – Rift valley extending from near Montréal through Ottawa in Canada
- Pacific-Farallon Ridge – Spreading ridge during the Late Cretaceous
- Pacific-Kula Ridge – Mid-ocean ridge between the Pacific and Kula plates in the Pacific Ocean during the Paleogene period
- Phoenix Ridge
- Saguenay Graben – Rift valley in the geological Grenville Province of southern Quebec, Canada
- Southern Oklahoma Aulacogen – Failed rift in the western and southern US of the triple junction that became the Iapetus Ocean
- Spencer Gulf – Large inlet in South Australia between the Eyre Peninsula and the Yorke Peninsula
- Timiskaming Graben – Northwesterly extension of the Ottawa-Bonnechere Graben
- Wichita Mountains – Mountains in the US state Oklahoma
Subduction zones
Subduction zone – A geological process at convergent tectonic plate boundaries where one plate moves under the other
- Middle America Trench – Subduction zone in the eastern Pacific off the southwestern coast of Middle America
Suture zones
Suture (geology) – Joining together of separate terranes along a major fault zone
- Great Falls Tectonic Zone – Major intracontinental shear zone between the Hearne craton and Wyoming craton
- Huincul Fault – East-west oriented continental-scale fault that extends from the Neuquén Basin eastwards into the Argentine Shelf
- Iapetus Suture – One of several major geological faults caused by the collision of several ancient land masses forming a suture
- Indus-Yarlung suture zone – Tectonic suture in southern Tibet and across the north margin of the Himalayas where the Indian and Eurasian plates meet
- Jormua Ophiolite – Remnant of ancient oceanic lithosphere near Jormua, Finland
- Magallanes-Fagnano Fault – Continental transform fault between the Scotia Plate and the South American Plate
- Morais ophiolite complex – Metamorphic complex of oceanic and continental crust terranes in Portugal
- Periadriatic Seam – The border between the Adriatic and European plates
- Pieniny Klippen Belt – Zone in the Western Carpathians, with a very complex geological structure
- Trans-European Suture Zone – Boundary between the East European Craton and the orogens of South-Western Europe
- Vulcan structure – Convergent tectonic boundary between the Medicine Hat and Loverna Blocks in North America
Tectonic plates
Tectonic plate – Continuous section of the lithosphere of the Earth which is moving relative to adjacent plates
- List of tectonic plates – List of the relatively moving sections of the lithosphere of Earth
- African Plate – A major tectonic plate underlying Africa west of the East African Rift
- Anatolian Plate – Continental tectonic plate comprising most of the Anatolia (Asia Minor) peninsula
- Antarctic Plate – Tectonic plate containing Antarctica and the surrounding ocean floor
- Arabian Plate – Minor tectonic plate
- Burma Plate – Minor tectonic plate in Southeast Asia
- Cocos Plate – Young oceanic tectonic plate beneath the Pacific Ocean off the west coast of Central America
- Eurasian Plate – Tectonic plate which includes most of the continent of Eurasia
- Explorer Plate – Oceanic tectonic plate beneath the Pacific Ocean off the west coast of Vancouver Island, Canada
- Farallon Plate – Ancient oceanic plate that has mostly subducted under the North American Plate
- Gorda Plate – One of the northern remnants of the Farallon Plate
- Indian Plate – A minor tectonic plate that got separated from Gondwana
- Juan de Fuca Plate – Tectonic plate in the eastern North Pacific
- Halmahera Plate – Small tectonic plate in the Molucca Sea
- Indo-Australian Plate – A major tectonic plate formed by the fusion of the Indian and Australian plates
- Pacific Plate – Oceanic tectonic plate under the Pacific Ocean
- Molucca Sea Plate – Small fully subducted tectonic plate near Indonesia
- Nazca Plate – Oceanic tectonic plate in the eastern Pacific Ocean basin
- North American Plate – Large tectonic plate including most of North America, Greenland and part of Siberia
- Philippine Sea Plate – Oceanic tectonic plate to the east of the Philippines
- South American Plate – Major tectonic plate which includes most of South America and a large part of the south Atlantic
- Sunda Plate – A minor tectonic plate including most of Southeast Asia
Terranes
Terrane – Fragment of crust formed on one tectonic plate and accreted to another
- Arctic Alaska-Chukotka terrane – Terrane that includes parts of Alaska, Siberia and the continental shelf between them
- Arequipa-Antofalla – South American geology
- Armorican Massif – Geologic massif that covers a large area in the northwest of France
- Armorican terrane – Microcontinent or group of continental fragments rifted away from Gondwana
- Avalonia – Microcontinent in the Paleozoic era named for the Avalon Peninsula in Newfoundland
- Briançonnais zone – Piece of continental crust in the Penninic nappes of the Alps
- Bronson Hill Arc – Bimodal volcanic arc and associated Ordovician sediments
- Buffalo Head Terrane – Terrane in the western Canadian Shield in northern Alberta
- Cache Creek Terrane – Geologic terrane in British Columbia and southern Yukon, Canada
- Carolina terrane – Exotic terrane from central Georgia to central Virginia in the United States
- Cassiar Terrane – Cretaceous terrane located in the Northern Interior of British Columbia and southern Yukon
- Chilenia – Ancient microcontinent, containing central Chile and western Argentina
- Chiloé Block – Ancient microcontinent or terrane that collided with the South American Plate during the Proterozoic
- Cuyania – Ancient microcontinent now part of Argentina
- Cymru Terrane – Inferred fault bounded terrane of the basement rocks of the southern United Kingdom
- Florida Platform – Flat geological feature with the emergent portion forming the Florida peninsula
- Franciscan Assemblage
- Ganderia – Terrane in the northern Appalachians which broke off the supercontinent Gondwana
- Gascoyne Complex – Terrane of Proterozoic granite and metamorphic rock in Western Australia
- Great Lakes tectonic zone
- Great Valley Sequence – Group of late Mesozoic formations in the Cental Valley of California
- Hebridean Terrane – Part of the Caledonian orogenic belt in northwest Scotland
- Hottah terrane – Paleoproterozoic terrane in the northwestern end of the Canadian Shield
- Irumide Belt – Mesoproterozoic terrane on the southern margin of the Bangweulu Block in Zambia
- Ivrea zone – Tectonic terrane in the Italian Alps
- Lhasa terrane – Fragment of crustal material, sutured to the Eurasian Plate during the Cretaceous that forms present-day southern Tibet
- Madre de Dios Terrane – Distinct fragment of Earth’s crust in southwestern Patagonia
- Meguma terrane – Terrane exposed in southern Nova Scotia
- Narooma Terrane – Geological structural region on the south coast of New South Wales, Australia
- Narryer Gneiss Terrane – Geological complex of ancient rocks in Western Australia
- Omineca Arc – Volcanic arc terrane in western North America
- Pampia – Ancient microcontinent or terrane
- Pelso Plate – Small tectonic unit in the Pannonian Basin in Europe
- Salinian Block – Terrane west of the main trace of the San Andreas Fault system in California
- Shan–Thai Terrane – Mass of continental crust extending from Tibet into Southeast Asia
- Slide Mountain Terrane – Late Paleozoic terrane in British Columbia, Canada
- Smartville Block – Volcanic arc accreted onto the North American Plate
- Sonoma Volcanics – Geologic formation of volcanic origin in California
- Sonomia Terrane – Crustal block accreted onto the North American Plate in Northwest Nevada
- Spavinaw terrane – Intrusive and volcanic rocks in the mid-continent region of the United States
- Stikinia – Terrane in British Columbia, Canada
- Tuareg Shield – Geological formation between the West African craton and the Saharan Metacraton in West Africa
- Western Gneiss Region – Large geological unit in Norway, part of the Baltic shield
- Wrangellia Terrane – Geological area in northwestern North America
- Wrekin Terrane – Inferred basement rock terrane of the southern United Kingdom
- Yakutat Block – Terrane in the process of accreting to the North American continent along the south central coast of Alaska
- Yukon–Tanana Terrane – Largest tectonostratigraphic terrane in the northern North American Cordillera
Triple junctions
Triple junction – Meeting point of three tectonic plates
- Aden-Owen-Carlsberg Triple Junction – The junction of three tectonic plate boundaries in the northwest Indian Ocean
- Afar Triple Junction – Place where three tectonic rifts meet in East Africa
- Azores Triple Junction – Tectonic plates intersection
- Banda Sea Triple Junction – Point where three tectonic plates meet
- Boso Triple Junction – The meeting point of the Okhotsk Plate, the Pacific Plate, and the Philippine Sea Plate
- Bouvet Triple Junction – Meeting point of three tectonic plates
- Chile Triple Junction – Place where the South American, Nazca and Antarctic tectonic plates meet
- Fifteen-Twenty Fracture Zone – Fracture zone on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge
- Mount Fuji – Volcano in Yamanashi and Shizuoka Prefectures, Japan
- Galapagos Triple Junction – Place where the boundaries of the Cocos Plate, the Nazca Plate, and the Pacific Plate meet
- Iapetus Suture – One of several major geological faults caused by the collision of several ancient land masses forming a suture
- Kamchatka-Aleutian Triple Junction – Place where the Pacific Plate, the Okhotsk Plate, and the North American Plate meet
- Karlıova Triple Junction – Place where the Anatolian Plate, the Eurasian Plate and the Arabian Plate meet
- Macquarie Triple Junction – Place where the Indo-Australian Plate, Pacific Plate, and Antarctic Plate meet
- Mendocino Triple Junction – Point where the Gorda plate, the North American plate, and the Pacific plate meet
- Queen Charlotte Triple Junction – Point where the Pacific Plate, the North American Plate, and the Explorer Plate meet
- Rivera Triple Junction – Place where the North American Plate, the Rivera Plate, and the Pacific Plate meet
- Rodrigues Triple Junction – Place where the African Plate, the Indo-Australian Plate, and the Antarctic Plate meet
- Tongareva triple junction – Defunct triple junction of the Pacific Plate, the Farallon Plate, and the Phoenix Plate
Other plate tectonics topics
- Computational Infrastructure for Geodynamics – Organization that advances Earth science
- Paleoclimatology – Study of changes in ancient climate
- Paleomap – Map of continents and mountain ranges in the past based on plate reconstructions
- Plate reconstruction – Process of reconstructing the positions of tectonic plates in the geological past
- Timeline of the development of tectonophysics (after 1952) – Chronological listing of significant events in the history of tectonophysics
- Timeline of the development of tectonophysics (before 1954) – Chronological listing of significant events in the history of tectonophysics
- Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis – First key scientific test of the seafloor spreading theory of continental drift and plate tectonics
- Eclogitization – The tectonic process in which the dense, high-pressure, metamorphic rock, eclogite, is formed
Specific areas
- Alpine Fault – Right-lateral strike-slip fault, that runs almost the entire length of New Zealand’s South Island.
- Benham Rise, also known as Benham Plateau – Extinct volcanic ridge in the Philippine Sea
- Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain – Mostly-undersea mountain range in the Pacific Ocean that reaches above sea level in Hawaii.
- Geology of the Alps – The formation and structure of the European Alps
- Indian subcontinent – Physiographical region in South Asia
- Mariana Trench – Deepest oceanic trench on Earth
- Mid-Atlantic Ridge – Atlantic Ocean tectonic plate boundary
- Mohorovičić discontinuity – Boundary between the Earth’s crust and the mantle
- Molucca Sea Collision Zone – Region of complex tectonic activity in Indonesia
- Pacific-Antarctic Ridge – Tectonic plate boundary in the South Pacific Ocean
- Philippine Mobile Belt – Tectonic boundary
- Ring of Fire – Region around the rim of the Pacific Ocean where many volcanic eruptions and earthquakes occur
- San Andreas Fault – Geologic fault in California and Mexico
- Tethys Ocean, also known as Tethys Sea – Mesozoic ocean between Gondwana and Laurasia
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| Eon | Time (mya) | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Hadean | 4,540–4,000 | The Earth is formed out of debris around the solar protoplanetary disk. There is no life. Temperatures are extremely hot, with frequent volcanic activity and hellish-looking environments (hence the eon’s name, which comes from Hades). The atmosphere is nebular. Possible early oceans or bodies of liquid water. The Moon is formed around this time probably due to a protoplanet’s collision into Earth. |
| Archean | 4,000–2,500 | Prokaryote life, the first form of life, emerges at the very beginning of this eon, in a process known as abiogenesis. The continents of Ur, Vaalbara and Kenorland may have existed around this time. The atmosphere is composed of volcanic and greenhouse gases. |
| Proterozoic | 2,500–538.8 | The name of this eon means “early life”. Eukaryotes, a more complex form of life, emerge, including some forms of multicellular organisms. Bacteria begin producing oxygen, shaping the third and current of Earth’s atmospheres. Plants, later animals and possibly earlier forms of fungi form around this time. The early and late phases of this eon may have undergone “Snowball Earth” periods, in which all of the planet suffered below-zero temperatures. The early continents of Columbia, Rodinia and Pannotia, in that order, may have existed in this eon. |
| Phanerozoic | 538.8–present | Complex life, including vertebrates, begin to dominate the Earth’s ocean in a process known as the Cambrian explosion. Pangaea forms and later dissolves into Laurasia and Gondwana, which in turn dissolve into the current continents. Gradually, life expands to land and familiar forms of plants, animals and fungi begin appearing, including annelids, insects and reptiles, hence the eon’s name, which means “visible life”. Several mass extinctions occur, among which birds, the descendants of non-avian dinosaurs, and more recently mammals emerge. Modern animals—including humans—evolve at the most recent phases of this eon. |
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Supercontinents throughout geologic history
The following table names reconstructed ancient supercontinents, using Bradley’s 2011 looser definition,[7] with an approximate timescale of millions of years ago (Ma).
| Supercontinent name | Age (Ma) | Period/Era Range | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vaalbara | 3,636–2,803 | Eoarchean-Mesoarchean | Also described as a supercraton or just a continent[8] |
| Ur | 2,803–2,408 | Mesoarchean-Siderian | Described as both a continent[2] and a supercontinent[9] |
| Kenorland | 2,720–2,114 | Neoarchean-Rhyacian | Alternatively the continents may have formed into two groupings Superia and Sclavia[10][4] |
| Arctica | 2,114–1,995 | Rhyacian-Orosirian | Not generally regarded as a supercontinent, depending on definition[2] |
| Atlantica | 1,991–1,124 | Orosirian-Stenian | Not generally regarded as a supercontinent, depending on definition[2] |
| Columbia (Nuna) | 1,820–1,350 | Orosirian-Ectasian | [10] |
| Rodinia | 1,130–750 | Stenian-Tonian | [10] |
| Pannotia | 633–573 | Ediacaran | [10] |
| Gondwana | 550–175 | Ediacaran-Jurassic | From the Carboniferous, formed part of Pangaea,[4] not always regarded as a supercontinent[11] |
| Pangaea | 336–175 | Carboniferous-Jurassic |
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List of modern island arcs
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As you can see from the information on this page; with the many links to various other pages of studies, there have been Earthquakes, Volcanoes and Tsunamis through out the thousands of years of humanity and well beyond, into the millions and billions of years. The only difference in the future will be: this Time Period has been predicted by the Spirit of God to occur on during a certain period of 3 1/2 years known as the Great Tribulation Period, which will be mostly the 7 Trumpets of the Book of Revelation and for the most part; during about a 45 day time span at the very end of this cycle, known as the Wrath of GOD, which will be the 7 Vials from the Book of Revelation.
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Kind Regards to all the Viewers of this website and Take Care Everyone.
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